Search articles

Evgeny P. Agapov – Ph.D. (Advanced Doctorate) in Philosophy, Professor, Rostov State University of Economics, Rostov-on-Don, Russian Federation.
Lyudmila P. Pendyurina – Ph.D. (Advanced Doctorate) in Philosophy, Associate Professor, Don State Technical University, Rostov-on-Don, Russian Federation.

The article considers the influence of ancient Greek charity on the social assistance of the Black Sea region peoples. Social work became a profession only at the beginning of the last century, but its roots go back to antiquity, when forms of social assistance began to develop among various peoples. It was then that a social assistance mechanism developed, which boiled down to the fact that the family, community and other traditional structures protected everyone. This mechanism of social assistance was characteristic of Tauris, Scythians, Sarmatians and other Black Sea peoples. The same relations were characteristic for Ancient Greece as well as for other states of the Middle East region until the era of antiquity, the beginning of which dates back to the second third of the 1st millennium BC. These relations was marked by the dominance of community ties and the inherited Basileus power as well as the underdevelopment of private property. However, in the 8th century BC in Ancient Greece, structural transformations began, private property relations, the dominance of private commodity production, the exploitation of slaves, the absence of strong centralized power and the policy of self-government came to the fore. With the transformation of the state into an instrument of domination of private owners, social assistance was of a class nature, which manifested itself in the fact that slaves were actually deprived of it. On the other hand, charity, which manifested itself in the organization of public meals, the distribution of money to the needy, the construction of churches and baths through private donations, and other events, became an integral element of the antiquity`s public life. According to the authors, we can talk about two channels of influence of ancient Greek charity on the social assistance of the Black Sea peoples. The first of these channels called direct is associated with the creation of Greek colonies along the Black Sea coast. The second channel can be called indirect, since it was mediated by the culture of Ancient Rome. At the beginning of the 1st millennium in ancient Roman society, a contradiction arose between the need for social assistance and the limited possibilities for its implementation, which was removed by Christianity. According to Christianity, mercy follows from love, which coincides with the essence of God and charity is a practical expression of mercy. Therefore, the spread of Christianity that began in the Black Sea countries in the 4th century contributed to the development of charitable activities in them.

Evgeny P. Agapov – Ph.D. (Advanced Doctorate) in Philosophy, Professor, Rostov State University of Economics, Rostov-on-Don, Russian Federation.
Lyudmila P. Pendyurina – Ph.D. (Advanced Doctorate) in Philosophy, Associate Professor, Don State Technical University, Rostov-on-Don, Russian Federation.

The article is devoted to the formation of logic in Russia, which began in the 18th century. However, its prerequisites go into much deeper layers of Russian culture. The logical culture of any society is a characteristic set of stereotypes of thinking, which is manifested in the methods of argumentation, as well as in the ability to evaluate inferences, develop hypotheses, systematize objects, etc. The first logical and philosophical treatise in Ancient Rus is considered to be the "Anthology of Svyatoslav," the logical part of which contained a presentation of the Aristotelian treatise "Categories," as well as a commentary on it, written in the 3rd century by the Syrian logician Porphyry. More extensive logical material could be drawn from the translations and renditions of "Dialectics," written in the 8th century by Byzantine theologian John of Damascus. The Aristotelian categories were considered in them, as well as judgment and categorical syllogism. The emergence of logic in Russia was associated not only with its internal objective laws, but also with needs for the development of those areas of theoretical and practical activity in which the important role was assigned to the validity and persuasiveness of reasoning. Mathematics and philosophy were the most important among the areas of theoretical activity. Governance of community and veche was the most important among the areas of practical activity. The development of logical culture, which began in Ancient Rus in the 11th century, in the 18th century led to the formation of logic in Russia. But it took decades for logic in Russia to become an independent science.